Capstone Project Case Study Solution
The complexity of social structures and territories exposes societies to man made & natural hazards. Against such background, all the prominent bodies and institutions which are responsible to risk reduction of disaster worldwide indicated that the significance of the nation being able to integrate, recognize as well as assess numerous hazards in their territories in their planning for the purpose of preparing the population to effectually mitigate those harms which are related with such multiple hazards (ISDR U, 2015).
Even though addressing the environment which is prone to natural disasters or hazards requires significant political and economic efforts, it has been indicated by severalstudies that there are many benefits ofa multi-hazard approach when designing effective disaster risk reduction strategies or policies (Komendantova N, 2014). The assessment of a multi-hazard environment allowsmore reliable territory planning for the inhabitants of the country and also allows stakeholders to demonstrate that emphasizing mitigation actions on the single disaster might result in increased vulnerability to others (Scolobig A, 2014).
For the multi-hazard environment, the main suggestions include informing the population of hazards to raise awareness, strengthening the assessment of risk with territories & creating multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary efforts to develop integrated public policies (Simpson A, 2014).
In recent decades, there are numerous studies which have focused on assessing the level of preparedness of individual for the natural hazards as well as the factors that promote the preparedness measure’s adoption (Bourque LB, 2013). The most cited models include a social-cognitive model (D, 2003) and the proactive action decision model (Lindell MK P. R., 2012).
The proactive action decision model recognizes the dependency of preparedness on previous experiences, risk perception, and some demographic characteristics. Whereas, the social cognitive model focuses on the motivational factor’s role in the decision for the purpose ofaccepting preparedness measures such as awareness of anxiety, sense of community as well as self-efficacy. Both of these models helps in understanding and describing the preparedness actions. The action includes supplies’ stockpiling, developing plans & performing drills & exercise, all aimed to minimize the effect of a natural hazard (Levac J, 2012). All of these actions have translated into suggestions, checklists and actions that the organization delivers to the workplace, communities & households to be equippedand ready in case of occurrence ofthe natural disaster.
The focus of the researchers is on understanding& assessing family preparedness whileillustrating the population’spreparedness level (Webb GR, 2000). The family preparedness had extensively measured & researched via diverse forms of actions such as planning measures, mitigation measures and survival measures (Güngörmüş Z, 2010). In the face of the hazards and disaster, thefamily preparedness measures are those that are least frequently adopted neverthelessthe significance of whose is extremely recognized among individual.
Despite the fact that the research and studies on the preparedness for natural disaster have focused primarily on family preparedness, emerging relevant focus is the workplace preparedness for further studies and research, hence specified the role played by the organization in local economies, even recovery following hazards or disaster and the lives of people they employ. The planning activities involved in the workplace preparedness such astalking with workforce about the significance and impact of preparing organization for the natural disaster or hazard, having emergency plan in place, insurance for type of events, alternative supplies for energy for company’s operation following a disaster of hazard, presence of emergency kit among many others (Sadiq AA, 2016). The size of the company is closely associated with workplace preparedness, this is due to the reason that organization with a larger number of personnel have pompous processes for risk reduction as well as greater resources for their effective implementation.
Chapter 03: Methodology
A number of non-governmental organizations, international agencies, government institutions and scientific organizations in Herzegovina and Bosnia are currently in the process of scaling in their disaster risk management programming. For the purpose of facilitating the process, various UN agencies have compiled a collection of risk and hazard maps that would allow the institutions and agencies in the country to risk-inform their programs, plans, policies, and activities. The geo-spatial risk and hazard map in the complication would allow the hazard risk reduction practitioners to identify and assess where individual hazards are likely to happen and the proportion of assets ad population at risk.
The Open Source Geographic Information System Software is used to develop the maps, which software relies on the combination of datasets that are specific to Herzegovina and Bosnia (landslides and floods). The work demonstrates the significant resources and time that could be saved through capitalizing on existing datasets, models and maps for the management of risk disaster.
The flood hazard map for Herzegovina and Bosnia is based on the analysis of the frequent flood events from the time period 1999 to 2014 to assess the flood prone areas. It is shown by raster data that the number of square kilometer flooded is multiplied by the flooding event’s frequency in all municipalities in Herzegovina and Bosnia. The color coding municipalities shows the relative flood risk level.
Discussing the mapping of flood-prone areas on the software, it is analyzed that the possibility of occurrence of urban flood, river food, wildfire and landslide is high in Herzegovina and Bosnia. The flood prone areas includes Verbas, Krivnja, Bosna, Drina, Neretva, Verbas, Sana, Una, Spreca Etc.
Chapter 04: Discussion
Herzegovina and Bosnia are severely exposed to emergencies & disasters that are both destructive and frequent. Despite the enhanced emergency services, the landslidesand floods are recurring risks. The country is vulnerable to extreme river basin flooding and extreme precipitation. The geography, mountains, high rate of urbanization and aging infrastructure compound its consequent landslide and seismic vulnerability.
In addition to this, climate change has been playinga significant part inan increased temperature and profound rainfall variability which are caucusing ore intense and frequent droughts as well as increasing the possibility or likelihood of landslides and floods. The gradual degradation of soil, water, agricultural land, and forest further increases the catastrophic shocks risk in addition to putting sustainable growth of the economy at risk in Herzegovina and Bosnia.
The adverse effects of the disaster should be mitigated through preventive and proactive measures taken before the occurrence of disaster or emergency. This requires a coordinated approach that tends to envelop a wide range of stakeholders including institutions, spatial planners for water management institutions, social protection workers and economic development. Even though, Herzegovina and Bosnia continue to progress in its efforts for developing such a coordinated approach it remains over-reliant on the rescue and protection structures. In Herzegovina and Bosnia, the rescue and protection system reflects a country’s complex administrative structure, the implication of which is felt in related coordination and governance arrangements and institutional set-up. The system is also characterized by its lack of guarantee that there is an availability of sufficient capacities for the implementation of a contemporary approach to disaster risk reduction (DRR). The capacity to deal with disasters in Herzegovina and Bosnia are generally organized around basic needs as well as appear closely associated to deal or cope with scenarios of major risks. The scale of the area for enhancement or improvement in terms of human resources and technical capacities are remarkable in Herzegovina and Bosnia at all levels……………
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